Wikipedia

Tenochtitlan

Mijiku-Tenochtitlan (kastilla : México-Tenochtitlan, Plantilla:IPA-es), Tenochtitlan ukham uñt'atawa, ukhamarak khaysa Texcoco qutankiwa, Mexico qhirwa uraqina. 20 uru mara t'aqa phaxsin 1325 maran utt'asinitayna, ukhamarak Aztecanakan chikja markapataynawa[1], kunawsatix q'ara ispañul jaqinakax purinipkatayn ukürkama,1521.

Tenochtitlan jaqinakan luratanakapa

Jichhurunxa Tenochtitlan luratanakax Mejiku chuyma markankapuniwa. Ukhamarak Tenochtitlan Tlatelolco ukampix pä Nahua āltēpetl (markanaka) quta taypin markapxataynawa.

Uñstatapa trukaña

Tenochtitlan ukax pä Nahuatl arut jutatayna, mayax tetl ("qarqa") yaqhirist nōchtli ("ch'aphin pirasa"), ukhamat jupanakpachax "ch'aphin pirasaw qarqanak taypin jilaski" sasaw yatichasipxiritayna.

Kawkhankatapa trukaña

 
The western side of the shallow Lake Texcoco. Tenochtitlan is the southern part of the main island (under the red line). The northern part is Tlatelolco.

Tenochtitlan uka markax 8-13.5 kilumitrunakataynawa, Texcoco quta inti jalanttuqina. Alayat aynachkamataynawa, alaytuqtixa Taltelolco ukaw jant'anakkamaw puritayna, ukapachanxa uka jant'anakax k'achat k'achat uraqiptaskatayna.

Markax qutanjam thakhi luratanakanitaynawa, uka thakhinakax alaytuqiru, aynachtuqiru ukhamarak intijalanttuqir mistkiritaynawa. Uka thakhinakax chakanakan luratataynawa, ukhamat umas jan ukax wutinakas ch'usak mistsupxañanakapataki. Ukhamarak uka thakhinakax ums markarux jark'aqarakiritaynawa. Aka markax kayukis jan ukax wutits taqituqirus sarañxamakitaynawa.

Markarux pä jach'a qhich'anakaw puriniritayna, sapamayax 4 kilumitrutaynawa. Chapultepec ukhatpach umx irpanipxirityana. Uka umax juk'ampis q'umachasiñatak t'axsusiñatakiritaynawa. Umañatakix qullunakat suma jalsu umanak irpanipxiritayna. Jaqinakax uka markanx paykutiw urunx jarisipxiritayna, nämakis jilir irpirix (Moctezuma) pus kutiw urunx jarisiritayna. Ukhamarak janchi jarisiñatakix alinakan saphipampiw jarisipxiritayna, uka alix copalxocotl (Saponaria americana) sutinitaynawa,[2] uka pachparak isinak t'axsuñatakix metl (Agave americana) sat alin saphipampirakiw t'axsusipxiritayna. Juk'ampis marka irpirinakan wilamasinakapamp ukhamarak usur warminakampix temazcalli (jach'a jarisiñ lamanxamataynawa) sat jarisiñ lamanan jarisipxiritayna.

Marka trukaña

Kunawsatix qutan lurat markanak, ukhamarak jan qutan lurat markanak uñjapxtxa, walpun muspharapxta, ukax jayupayapkitaspas ukhamanawa (...) Kunayman utachatanakapuniw quta manqhat uñstani, quta patxar utachatkamaki. Uk uñjasax pallallanakajax janit akax samkäki sasaw jiskt'asipxi (...) Uka luratanakax janiw kunjam qillqaqañxamakisa, janipuniw wiñayanx ukham uñjapxirïkti,ist'apxarakiriktsa, samkans umjapxirïkti.
Bernal Díaz del CastilloThe Conquest of New Spain[3]

Markax pusir jaljatänawa; sapa jaljaw 20r jaljasitayna (calpullis, Nahuatl calpōlli); sapa calpulli, jan ukax 'jach'a uta'w thakhinitayna (tlaxilcalli) uñkat uñkatasi. Kimsa jach'a thakhiw markx thiyat thiy mistsüna. Sapamayaw uka qutanjam thakhir uraqir mistsuñatak uñtayäna, Tepeyac, Ixtapalpa, ukhamarak Tlacopan tuqinakaru.[4] Bernal Díaz del Castillo jaqix uka thakhinakax tunka kawallunjam sarañanakjamanaw sasaw qillqt'awayatayna. Thakhi thiyanakanx quta patxan pankaranakaw wal panqarrantiritayna, quqanakas alinakas achurakiritaynawa.[5] Calpullis jan ukax jach'a utanakax jisk'a jawirjamanakan jaljatataynawa, ukax wutinakan apnaqañapatakitaynawa, ukhamarak chakanakapas lawat lurt'ataraki, uka chakanakax arumax apthapiñaxataynawa.

Aka mark lurat jamuqanakax Europa markanx Augsburg ukan kahaya 1522 uñacht'ayasitayna.[6]

Qhatu trukaña

 
The Tlatelolco Marketplace as depicted at The Field Museum, Chicago.

Sapa calpulli jan ukax jach'a utan qhatupax (tiyanquiztli) utjiritayna, ukhamarak yaqha jach'a qhatuw Tlatelolco ukanx utjatayna – Tenochtitlan kullak markapataynawa. Cortés q'ara jaqix nä pä Salamanca (ispañ markana) markarukaspas ukham amuyatayna, ukatx 60,000 jaqinakas sapür uka markanx qamapkaspax ukham amuyt'atayna. Bernardino de Sahagún jupax 20,000 sapürux ukat 40,000 jaqinakakaspas phunchäw urunakanx ukham amuyarakitayna. Qhatut parlkasinx yaqhawjanakanx wali sum jach'a qhatunakaw Mexico ukanx utjiritayna.

Markawj utachatanaka trukaña

 
Tenochtitlanan chikaw taypi uta

Marka chikawjanx marka iprtañ utanaka, yupaychañ utanaka, irpirin utanakapaw utachatatayna. Jach'a palas chikawjanx luqtañatak luratataynawa. Ukhamipanx uka chikawjanx nä 45 jach'a utanakaw utjatayna: Templo Mayor, ukax Aztecan tatitupataynawa, Huitzilopochtli sutini; ukatx Quetzalcoatl utaraki, ukax jallu puriyiritaynawa; tlachtli (t'ixit anatañ uta); Inti uta, Tonatiuh sutini; paka uta, ukax ch'axwirinakan utapa, ukhamarak kamachinak luririnakan utapa ukhamataynawa.[7]

Moctezuma jach'a irpirin utapax 100 utanitaynawa, sapa mä utanx irnaqañan yanapirinakapaw utt'atiritayna. Uka jak'anakanx q'uchuñ utas cuicalli sutin utjarakitaynawa.[8]

Markax wali suma lurt'atapunitaynawa, janiw aliqak kawkharus utachnuqupxirikataynati. Mayni calmimilocatl sutin utjiritayna, jupaw marka utanak utachasipxañanakapatakix iyawsirityana.

II Moctezuman utapa trukaña

Moctezuma II uka irpirin utapanx pä jach'a jamach'inak uywanak uywañ utaw utjatayna. Mayïrixa, paka jamach'inakatakitaynawa, maynïrist yaqha jamach'inakataki, yaqha uywanakampitakitaynawa. Uka utanxa, nä 300 jaqiw uñjapxirityana (manq'ayañataki, pichañataki).

Ukhamarak uka utapanxa, pankar yapump challwanak uywañ jisk'a qutampiw utjatayna. Umax jayun umamp suma ch'uwa umaw utjatayna. Ukapachpanakax Texcoco, Chapultepec, Huaxtepec ukhamarak Texcotzingo uksanakan utjatayna.[9]

Markachirinaka trukaña

Tenochtitlan uka markanx kunayman jaqinakaw qamapxatayna: irpirinakax yaqhataynawa (Teteuctin), arkirinakax (pipiltin) yaqharaki, ch'axwirinaka (Cuauhipiltin), markachirinaka (macehualtin), yanapasirinaka (Tlacohtin), ukjarux qamirinaka (Pochteca) jupanakax phuñchawinakan wal manq'anak taqinitak wakichapxiritayna. Utanakapax jakäwinakaparjam utachatarakiritaynawa.

Nayrapachatpacha trukaña

 
A Mexico City statue commemorating the foundation of Tenochtitlan.

Tenochtitlan uka markax Mijiku uka markan nayratpach markachirinakapataynawa, 1325 uka maranakan utjnuqasitayna. Uka markachirinakax tatitunakapan yatiyäwinakaparuw arkapxiritayna, kawkinxay mä pakax asiru katjchini, ukawjaruw markax utt'ayatäni, sasin jupanakax sarayasipxatayna. Mexica jupaw ukham samkatayna, ukax Texcoco qutaruw wakt'atayna. Ukan utanak quta patxar utachañ qallantapxatayna. Ukhamat uraqix wañt'añapataki.

Tenochtitlan markax wali jach'a ch'aman markapuniw tukutayna. Uka markax jach'a thakhinakani, alakipanakas aksat uksat saririnaka ukhamaw taqituqir jilantapxatayna. Ukhamat jach'a lamar qutanakans sarantapxiritayna, inas Inkanakampis chikañchasipxchïna, sasaw yaqhip yatxatatanakax sapxi.

Ukhamaruw ispañul Hernán Cortés sutin q'ara jaqinakax Tenochtitlan uksarux 8 lapak phaxsit, 1519 maran purintapxatayna. Ukapachanx nä 300,000 jaqinakaw ukanx mirantxatayna, ukapachanx uraqpachat wali jach'a markataynawa. Europa markanx Paris, Venice uka markanakjamanaw sasaw yatxatirinakax sapxi. Londres markax ukapachax wali jisk'akitaynawa, phisqha ukch'arutaynaw Tenochtitlan markaxa. Yaqhipanakax inas 350,000,[10] ukha jaqiniskchin sapxiwa.

Cortés jaqin purinitapata trukaña

 
Tenochtitlan ispañul jaqinakax jan wali amuyump puripxatapa.

Cortés jaqi puritapar katuqañanx pantasipxataynawa. II Moctezuma uka irpirix wali sum q'ara jaqinakarux katuqatayna, janiw jiwayirinakarjam katuqapkataynati. Quetzalcoatl tatitupachaw sasaw katuqapxatayna. Markapanak muytayapxatayna, irpirinak thiy irpapxatayna, ukham katuqapxatayna.

Tata Cortés jupax qhispillunak irpirin kunkaparux ajuntatayna. Ukhamar ispañul q'ara jaqinakax qurik thaqhapxäna. Tatiturjam uñjasax kunxay Cortesax maychin ukx phuqhapxanawa.[11]

Ukham sum katuqayasisin ch'axwañx qalltawayapxi. Ukhamat Moctezuma irpirirus katuntawayapxaraki.[12]

Ispañul jan wali jaqinak purxatata trukaña

Cortés jaqix Tenochtitlan markachirinakarux 75 urunakaw manq'at jiwarayäna. Ukhamat ispañul q'ara amuyump mark tukjañataki. Ukjarux ispañul utrak utachsuyasitayna.[13]

Laqayanaka trukaña

 
Laqayanaka, chikawj yupaychañawja.

Tenochtitlan uka markax jichhürunakanx laqayar tukuyatawa. Ispañul q'ara jaqinakaw uka markx q'al tukjawayapxatyana, uraq manqhar chhaqtayañkama.

 
Jichhapach Mijiku markan utt'asiwipa, Roberto Cueva del Río jupan amuyt'aparjama.

Ukhat qhipa maranakaruw uka nayra Tenochtitlan markan utanachatanakapx katurasipki. Katurasinsti, allsusin mayamp yatxatirinakaw utjnuqayasipki.

Jichhürunxa Mijiku markan ispañulan utachatanakapax kawkinkäntix Tenochtitlan taypi utapax ukharuw q'aranakax utachayasipxatayna.

Ukjarux uñjatarakispawa trukaña

  • List of megalithic sites
  • List of Mesoamerican pyramids
  • History of Mexico City

Yapxatäwinaka trukaña

Plantilla:Reflist

Yatxatatanaka trukaña

Juk'amp uñarañataki trukaña

  • Calnek, Edward. "Settlement Pattern and Chinampa Agriculture at Tenochtitlan." American Antiquity 37.1. (1973) 190-95.
  • Calnek, Edward. "El sistema de mercado en Tenochtitlan." In Economía política e ideología en el México prehispánico. Eds. Pedro Carrasco and Johanna Broda, pp. 97–114. Mexico City: Centro de Investigaciones Superiores del Instituto de Antropología e Historia, 1978.
  • Calnek, Edward. "Tenochtitlan in the Early Colonial Period." Acts of the XLII International Congress of Americanists 8, 1976 (1979) 35-40.
  • Calnek, Edward. "Tenochtitlan-Tlatelolco: the Natural History of a City." In El Urbanismo en Mesoamérica/Urbanism in Mesoamerica, vol. 1. edited by W.T. Sanders et al., 149-202. Mexico City: Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia; University Park: Pennsylvania State University 2003.
  • Plantilla:Cite magazine
  • Mundy, Barbara E. "Mapping the Aztec Capital: the 1524 Nuremberg Map of Tenochtitlan, Its Sources and Meanings." Imago Mundi 50 (1998), 1-22.
  • Mundy, Barbara E. "Place-Names in Mexico-Tenochtitlan." Ethnohistory 61 (2) Spring 2014. 329-355.
  • Mundy, Barbara E. The Death of Aztec Tenochtitlan, the Life of Mexico City. Austin: University of Texas Press 2015.
  • Toussaint, Manuel, Federico Gómez de Orozco, and Justino Fernández, Planos de la Ciudad de México. XVI Congreso Internacional de Planificación y de la Habitación. Mexico City: Instituto de Investigaciones Estéticas de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México 1938.
  • Townsend, Richard F. State and Cosmos in the Art of Tenochtitlan. Studies in Pre-Columbian Art and Archeology 20. Washington D.C., Dumbarton Oaks 1979.

Anqäx chhitthapinaka trukaña

  1. ↑ Error de Lua en package.lua en la línea 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/Suggestions' not found.
  2. ↑ Plantilla:Cite book
  3. ↑ Bernal Diaz Del Castillo, "The Discovery And Conquest Of Mexico 1517 1521", Edited by Genaro Garcia, Translated with an Introduction and Notes?, pp 269–, A. P. MAUDSLAY, first pub 1928 [1]
  4. ↑ Coe, M. 2008, p. 193.
  5. ↑ Walker, C. 1980, p. 162.
  6. ↑ "Newspaper About the Country that the Spaniards Found in 1521, Called Yucatan". World Digital Library. 2011-10-17. Retrieved 2014-06-22.
  7. ↑ Coe, M. 2008, p. 193
  8. ↑ Cortés, H. 1520, p. 87.
  9. ↑ Cortés, H. 1520, p. 89.
  10. ↑ Stannard, D. (1992)
  11. ↑ Cortés, H. 1520, p. 70.
  12. ↑ Stannard, D. 1992, 214.
  13. ↑ "The Colonial Spanish-American City: Urban Life in the Age of Atlantic Capitalism", Jay Kinsbruner, University of Texas Press, 2005, p20,ISBN 0-292-70668-5
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